Qasr al-Hayr al-Sharqi قصر الحيرة الشرقي

Qasr al-Hayr al-Sharqi 
 On September 9, 622 AD Prophet Muhammad escaped from Mecca to Medina to avoid being assassinated; that event (Hijra, migration in Arabic) is the starting day of the Islamic calendar; just a century after that apparently minor event, the Umayyad Caliphs, the heirs of Prophet Muhammad, controlled one of the largest empires of world history which spanned from Spain to India. 

Views of the palace (on the left) and of the nearby khan (on the right)

Caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik came to power in 724 and he ruled over his vast empire until his death in 743; during his relatively long reign he managed to quell several local revolts and in general he strengthened the control of the central government; in 732 however his armies were repelled by Charles Martel at the Battle of Tours (or Poitiers) in France, which marked a turning point in the Arab invasion of Europe.According to chronicles Caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik was a very parsimonious man; he did however associate his name with the construction of two luxury residences in the Syrian Desert which are distinguished by their comparative positions: Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbi (Western Castle) between Damascus, the capital of the Umayyad Caliphate, and Palmyra and Qasr al-Hayr al-Sharqi (Eastern Castle), some sixty miles east of Palmyra. The remaining evidence of the Western Castle is very limited after its main portal was relocated to Damascus where it was reconstructed as the grand entrance to the National Museum. The Eastern Castle has been preserved and in part reconstructed in situ; the first view of its ruins is a veritable mirage as they suddenly appear off a totally barren environment. 
Evidence of a complex water infrastructure system suggests that the site was comprehensive in scope. The remnants of this Umayyad city are encompassed by a large outer enclosure measuring some 7 sq km., probably reserved for gardens, animal husbandry, and other agricultural purposes. Within it the site includes two enclosures, one significantly larger than the other, and a bathhouse. 

Southern Gate of the palace

Two large complexes known as the palace and the khan were built at the centre of a walled enclosure of approximately seven square miles; the area was irrigated, not for farming purposes, but for breeding game which the caliph and his guests hunted (Qasr al Hayr = Castle of the Game Park); water was carried from a distance of twenty miles. In Caliph Hisham's mind the meadows and woods of this large area were probably the realization of those which decorated the Umayyad Mosque of Damascus; only minor stretches of the surrounding walls remain.
Built in stone layers, the smaller enclosure is supported by a total of twelve towers, four at each corner and all equidistant with the exception of two that immediately flanks the main gate of the structure on the western façade. Its plan incorporates an entrance hall including a mihrab on its southern wall and a variation of narrow rooms surrounded by a portico that opens into a central courtyard featuring a cistern close to its centre. This layout suggests that this structure most likely served as a khan; with the reception hall available as a place for prayer, commercial and animal storage space on the first floor, and accommodations on the second level for merchants. 
The larger enclosure was also built of masonry with its interior walls erected in mud-brick over a stone foundation. Almost square in plan, each façade incorporates a central gate to the inside, each roughly identical in design and flanked by two supporting towers. Six other towers support each side, including one at each corner. Again, the plan is organized around a large, limestone-paved central courtyard, which includes a deep cistern that can hold slightly more than a quarter of a million gallons. In addition this enclosure incorporates a mosque in the southeast corner, residential areas, buildings for official administrative purposes, and an olive press. 

Approximately 60 meters to the northwest of the smaller enclosure stood the bathhouse. It included a large hall approximately 20 by 15 meters, which featured two pools supplied by water jets, a room for changing with latrines nearby, a changing room for winter months, which was slightly closer to the warmer sections of the bathhouse. It also provided three hot rooms located near the furnace, and service areas including a place to store water. 

Central area of the courtyard with evidence of a pool

The palace had the square shape of a Roman castrum (fort) with one gate on each side and two streets dividing the complex into four sections; this design was known to the Arabs from several forts the Romans built in the Syrian Desert to control nomadic Bedouin tribes and to protect trade routes to the Persian Gulf.

Northern Gate (from inside)

The walls and towers of the palace did not have an actual defensive purpose, as Caliph Hisham had no reason to fear an attack by an enemy army; also the existence of four gates did not correspond to an equivalent number of roads departing from the palace. 

Mosque in the south-eastern corner of the palace

Archaeologists have unearthed and partially reconstructed a mosque which occupied a corner of the palace; its design is similar to that of a basilica with three naves; the granite columns and marble capitals which decorate the mosque were taken from ancient buildings, possibly from baths built by Emperor Diocletian at Palmyra or from more distant Apamea

Courtyard to the side of the mosque

Apart from the central wide courtyard with the pool seven other courtyards have been identified in the palace enclosure; the rooms which surrounded them were rather small.

Details of the decoration

In 750 the Umayyads were replaced by the Abbasids as Islam Caliphs; the latter resided in Baghdad, but it seems that they continued to utilize the palace and that after them the Ayubbid and the Mameluke rulers of Syria did the same; the final abandonment of the site is thought to have coincided with the Mongol invasion of the region in the XIIIth century.

(above) The khan; (below) minaret between the palace and the khan

The second (smaller) complex is known as the khan because its design is similar to that of a caravanserai with a central courtyard surrounded by two storey-buildings with warehouses and stables below and rooms above. A truncated minaret stands between the two complexes; its size, location and construction technique have led archaeologists to believe that it was built many centuries later than the two complexes, when a small village was nested inside the khan.

(left) Gate of the khan facing the palace; (right) detail of a niche

The side of the khan facing the palace has an imposing gate flanked by two domed circular towers; this gate is very similar to that which has been reconstructed in Damascus; the presence of two decorative niches at the sides of the entrance is a reminiscence of ancient buildings where such niches housed statues.The construction technique is a blend of Syrian (stone layers) and Mesopotamian (bricks and mud covering) practices.

Inside the khan

The use of ancient columns and capitals in the khan indicates that it was not meant to house ordinary trade caravans, but retinues of vassals visiting the Caliph.

Ruins(what have left from) of a bath near the khan

A third building has been unearthed seventy yards from the north-western corner of the khan; it housed baths which were designed following the scheme of Roman baths with halls at different temperatures, two pools, changing rooms and latrines.The fact that the palace, the khan and the baths were not unified into a single complex, but stood separate, although being so close to each other, is perhaps due to the desire of Caliph Hisham to give actual form to the various imaginary buildings depicted in the mosaics of the Great Mosque of Damascus.


Sources: 

Creswell, K. A. C. A Short Account of Early Muslim Architecture, 149-164. Rev. ed. Allan, James W. Aldershot: Scolar Press, 1989. 

Grabar, R. Holod, J. Knutstad and W. Trousdale. A City in the Desert: Qasr al-Hayr East. USA: Harvard Middle Eastern Monographs, 1978.

Cute cats could be key to learning new languages

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Arabic Language FAQ

Here are the most common FAQ about Arabic language:

Learning Arabic:

1. How hard is Arabic?  

That depends on a lot of things, like what your native language is; for example, if you’re a Hebrew speaker, Arabic will be easier for you than it would be if you were a native speaker of Spanish. But for native English speakers, Arabic is objectively a difficult language, largely because it’s just so different from English. This page sums up the difficulties of learning Arabic for native English speakers pretty well. The State Department’s Foreign Service Institute ranks Arabic as a “category 3″ language (“exceptionally difficult for native English speakers”), along with Chinese, Korean, and Japanese. So, depending on your native language, how much experience you have with learning languages, and so forth, Arabic can definitely be a difficult language. But the important thing is motivation — if you really want to learn it and are willing to work at it, you can do it. You have to invest a lot more time and effort into learning Arabic than you would with Indo-European languages, so many people give up early. But like I said, if you have the desire to learn, that’ll make everything else easier.

The Arabic alphabet does seem intimidating at first — all those squiggles, and it goes from right to left! And then there are all those letters like ح ,ج, and خ that are the same except for the dots. But if you just sit down, focus, and go through it systematically, it’s easy to learn in just a few days. (And you can comfort yourself with the fact that at least Arabic does have an alphabet, unlike, say, Chinese!) Pronunciation can be difficult for a native English speaker — letters like ع ,ح, and غ may be hard to produce at first. But that sort of stuff will get easier with practice.

What complicates things a bit is the fact that short vowels are usually not indicated in writing outside of the Qur’an and children’s books. This makes things pretty difficult when you’re just starting out and have no way of knowing, just from unvoweled text, the correct pronunciation for words you’re unfamiliar with. For example, looking at the word فلفل, you would see “f-l-f-l” and not know what vowels come in between those letters. The good news is, this gets easier with time and practice. And if you memorize the verb forms (more on them below), that really helps in figuring out the correct pronunciations for lots of words.

A lot of people have trouble with Arabic grammar, especially at the beginning of their studies — it’s systematic but complex, and the case endings can be difficult to handle, particularly if you’re not already used to a language like Russian or Latin. Also, one irritating thing is the broken plurals; while some nouns take regular plurals, many have completely irregular plurals. However, there are patterns of broken plurals, and if you memorize enough words with their plurals, you can eventually internalize the patterns just through the practice, and be able to guess plurals intuitively.

As far as vocabulary goes, there are only a tiny number of cognates, which does make it harder to pick up a newspaper and immediately recognize words (as you could with, say, French). Also, the vocabulary is very rich; there are many synonyms and words with similar general meanings but different usages/connotations. As I’ve gotten further on in my Arabic studies, I’ve found that after you develop a good base of grammar knowledge, it’s the endless vocabulary that continues to pose a challenge.

Stylistically Arabic is also complicated; it’s quite common for sentences to go on for a paragraph, so that by the time you reach the end you have to remind yourself what the original subject of the sentence was! The Arabic writing style is also a lot more “flowery” than the way English is usually written. So writing in Arabic is quite different from writing in English, and it takes a lot of practice to write in a smooth, natural style.

And then there’s the diglossia issue: the divide between the standard Arabic that’s written and the Arabic people actually speak, which varies from place to place. You can think of the different dialects in terms of American, British, and Australian English, albeit with more differences.

2. What’s the root system?  Most Arabic words are derived from a three-letter root that connotes a general meaning. (There are some four-letter roots, but they’re quite rare.) The usual example given is d-r-s, which has to do with studying. So the form 1 verb درس darasa means “to study,” while the form 2 verb درّس darrasa means “to teach”; درس dars means “lesson,” مدرسة madrasa means “school,” and مدرّسmudarris means “teacher.” And so forth; you can derive tons of words with related meanings from a single root. It’s really quite helpful; if you come across an unfamiliar word but recognize the root, you can use that knowledge to make a good guess at the meaning.

3. What are the verb forms? Every trilateral Arabic root can (theoretically) be transformed into one of fifteen possible verb forms (أوزان awzaan). Each root has a general meaning (like “leaving,” for example), and when you add a specific combination of letters to transform the root into one of the verb forms, that alters the meaning (like “making someone leave”). See below:

Most Arabic words are derived from a three-letter (trilateral) root. And each trilateral Arabic root can theoretically be transformed into one of fifteen possible verb forms (الأوزان, al-awzaan). (Forms 11 through 15 are very rare, so people usually just focus on forms 1 through 10, although 9 is also pretty rare). Each form has a basic meaning associated with the general meaning of the root being used. Here’s a more detailed breakdown, using فعل (fa3ala, to do) as an example. (This is all taken from old handouts I got at the AUC, so it’s not my original work.)

Form 1 - فعل (fa3ala)

Expresses the general verbal meaning of the root in question

Root	Form 1 verb
خ ر ج (x-r-j) – leaving, departing	خرج (xaraja) – to leave, go out
ج م ع (j-m-3) – joining, uniting	جمع (jama3a) – to gather, collect
ع م ل (3-m-l) – doing, making	عمل (3amala) – to work, to do, to make
ق ط ع (q-T-3) – cutting	قطع (qaTa3a) – to cut, cut off
ب ع د (b-3-d) – separating, distance	بعد (ba3ada) – to be far from

Form 2 - فعّل (fa33ala)

Built on form 1 by doubling the middle radical of the form 1 verb (adding a shadda to it)

Often is a causative version of the form 1 verb

خرج (xaraja) means “to go out”; خرّج (xarraja) means “to make (s.o.) go out; to graduate (s.o.)”

Often an intensive version of the form 1 verb (especially if the form 1 verb is transitive)

جمع (jama3a) means “to collect, gather”; جمّع (jamma3a) means “to amass, to accummulate”

Form 3 - فاعل (faa3ala)

Built on form 1 by adding an alif between the first and second radicals of the form 1 verb

Usually gives an associative meaning to the form 1 verb; describes someone doing the act in question to or with someone else

عمل (3amala) means “to work”; عامل (3aamala) means “to treat or deal with (s.o.)”

Form 4 - أفعل (af3ala)

Built on form 1 by prefixing an alif to the form 1 verb and putting a sukuun over the first radical

Similar to form 2 in that it is usually a causative version of the form 1 verb

خرج (xaraja) means “to go out”; خرّج (xarraja) means “to graduate (s.o.)”; أخرج (axraja) means “to expel, to evict; to produce”

Form 5 - تفعّل (tafa33ala)

Built on form 2 by adding the prefix تـ to the form 2 verb

Often a reflexive version of the form 2 verb

خرّج (xarraja) means “to graduate (s.o.)”; تخرج (taxarraja) means “to graduate” (Note: form 5 is usually intransitive)

Sometimes an intensive version of a form 1 verb

جمع (jama3a) means “to collect, gather”; تجمّع (tajamma3a) means “to congregate, to flock together”

Form 6 - تفاعل (tafaa3ala)

Built on form 3 by adding the prefix تـ to the form 3 verb

Usually a reflexive version of the form 3 verb

عامل (3aamala) means “to treat or deal with (s.o.)”; تعامل (ta3aamala) means “to deal with each other” (Form 6 is usually intransitive)

Form 7 - انفعل (infa3ala)

Built on form 1 by adding the prefix انـ to the form 1 verb

Usually a reflexive and/or passive version of the form 1 verb

قطع (qaTa3a) means “to cut, to cut off”; انقطع (inqaTa3a) means “to be cut off (from); to abstain (from)”

Form 8 - افتعل (ifta3ala)

Built on form 1 by adding the prefix ا to the form 1 verb and placing a sukuun must be placed over its first radical

Often a reflexive version of the form 1 verb

جمع (jama3a) means “to collect, gather”; اجتمع (ijtama3a) means “to meet; to agree (on)”

Sometimes has a specially derived meaning relative to a form 1 verb

بعد (ba3ada) means “to be far away”; ابتعد (ibta3ada) means “to avoid”

Form 9 - افعلّ (if3alla)

Built on form 1 by adding the prefix ا to the form 1 verb, placing a sukuun over its first radical, and adding a shadda to the last radical

Relates to colors

ح م ر (H-m-r) relates to “redness”; احمرّ (iHmarra) means “to become or turn red”

Form 10 - استفعل (istaf3ala)

Built on form 1 by adding the prefix استـ to the form 1 verb and inserting a ت between the first and second radicals; a sukuun must be placed over the first radical

Often a considerative version of the form 1 verb; means “to consider or to deem someone to have the quality” of the form 1 verb in question

بعد (ba3ada) means “to be far away”; استبعد (istab3ada) means “to consider s.o. or s.t. remote or unlikely”

Often a requestive version of a form 1 verb; means “to request or to seek something” for oneself

عمل (3amala) means “to make; to do”; استعمل (ista3mala) means “to use, to put into operation” (that is, to seek to make something work for oneself)

And here’s a table of all the verb forms, including their perfect and imperfect conjugations (الماضي والمضارع), active and passive participles (اسم الفاعل واسم المفعول), and verbal nouns (المصدر). Because they’re all regular and predictable (with the exception of form 1 – the second vowel in the imperfect and perfect conjugations, and the verbal noun), if you just memorize them, you’ll know them for almost every verb there is. So if you’re learning Arabic, I suggest you memorize all the verb forms along with their associated meanings as soon as you can; it’ll really come in handy.

المصدر	اسم المفعول	اسم الفاعل	المضارع	الماضي
؟	مَفْعُول	فاعِل	يَفْعلُ	فَعلَ	1
تَفْعِيل	مُفَعَّل	مُفَعِّل	يُفَعِّلُ	فَعَّلَ	2
مُفاعَلَة or فِعال	مُفاعَل	مُفاعِل	يُفاعِلُ	فاعَلَ	3
إفْعال	مُفْعَل	مُفْعِل	يُفْعِلُ	أفْعَلَ	4
تَفَعُّل	مُتَفَعَّل	مُتَفَعِّل	يَتَفَعَّلُ	تَفَعَّلَ	5
تَفاعُل	مُتَفاعَل	مُتَفاعِل	يَتَفاعَلُ	تَفاعَلَ	6
اِنْفِعال	مُنْفَعَل	مُنْفَعِل	يَنْفَعِلُ	اِنْفَعَلَ	7
اِفْتِعال	مُفْتَعَل	مُفْتَعِل	يَفْتَعِلُ	اِفْتَعَلَ	8
اِفْعِلال	-	مُفْعَلّ	يَفْعَلُّ	اِفْعَلَّ	9
اِسْتِفْعال	مُسْتَفْعَل	مُسْتَفْعِل	يَسْتَفْعِلُ	اِسْتَفْعَلَ	10

4. Which dialect should I learn?  That really depends. If you have a special interest in a particular part of the Arab world, or if you have friends or family from a certain area, go ahead and learn that dialect — although if you’re interested in, say, Morocco or Algeria, just keep in mind that Arabs outside the Maghreb cannot understand these dialects in their “pure” form. (The first time Ahmed Ben Bella spoke to the Arab League, he had to do so in French, because nobody could understand his Algerian dialect!) If you want to learn 3ammiyya but have no real leaning towards one variety or another, I would recommend Egyptian or Levantine Arabic. Egyptian is the most widely understood dialect, thanks to the well-established music, TV, and film industry there; Egyptian media is popular enough that no matter where you go in the Arab world, you’ll keep hearing Egyptian Arabic on TV and the radio. So if you learn Egyptian Arabic, people all over the Arab world will be able to understand you easily.

Levantine Arabic is the next most widely understood dialect after Egyptian. Thanks to the popularity of Lebanese music, Syrian musalsalaat, and so on, the Levantine dialect is well-understood in the Arab world. Gulf Arabic is not as widely understood outside the Khaliij, though, and as for Maghrebi Arabic, Arabs from the Maghreb generally have to modify their speech significantly to be understood when talking to other Arabs (see the next question). Since this is harder for non-native speakers to do, I would recommend choosing a dialect that’s easily understood throughout the Arab world like Egyptian or Levantine.

5. How can I read Arabic fonts and write in Arabic on my computer?

Here’s how to enable Arabic on Windows. Mac users can use this information to enable Arabic support. If you want to be able to type in Arabic without going through any of those steps, you can use this online Arabic keyboard, which you can also use to learn the Arabic keyboard layout. For really exhaustive information on enabling Arabic for Windows, this webpage covers just about everything.

For more information please Do not hesitate to contact us by emailing us on info@arabiclearly.co.uk or fill the form on the right side of this page, and we’ll get back to you as soon as possible.

Learn Arabic in London

Ibrahim Othman, a confident, animated and versatile teacher with an in depth understanding of the Arabic language and a wealth of linguistic knowledge accumulated whilst studying for a Masters Degree in Applied Linguistics in the UK and previous studies of Arabic at the University of Damascus. A flexible individual with significant practical teaching experience in classroom settings and private tuition, who is proficient in producing detailed lesson plans and creating and adapting learning materials to suit all learning styles.
All lessons are tailored to your needs and course materials are provided.
Themes covered:
•1. Media Arabic: Specialised tuition to learn how to read and understand press and communication material. Listen to TV and Radio and understand the total meaning of the news. Analyse news and make comments about all elements of news on Arab TV and Radio.
•2. Modern Standard Arabic: Standardised form of classical Arabic used for formal   communication in all countries of the Arab world.
•3.Spoken Levantine and Gulf Arabic
4.• Business Arabic: Develop communicative skills in a wide range of business contexts including negotiating and courtesies.

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Learn Arabic Fast – Five Easy techniques to Learn Arabic Rapidly

Learning to speak Arabic can be quick and easy with our Arabic language courses and learning aids. Whether you are looking for an Interactive Arabic course like Rocket Arabic or other computer based Arabic language courses like Rosetta Stone, we have what’s right for you. Before you know it, you’ll be on your way to learning Arabic fast.

Learn Arabic fast on the Go
Having a busy life shouldn’t keep you from trying to learn Arabic fast. We offer several Arabic language courses that will allow you to learn to speak Arabic while driving, exercising, doing housework, etc. This means you can learn Arabic anywhere, anytime. The ease with which you’ll learn Arabic is amazing.

Can I Really Learn Arabic Fast?
The answer is YES! Learning Arabic is easier than ever with our full line of Arabic language courses and learning aids. Learning Arabic is not as hard as you might think. With all the available Arabic resources, you can learn while commuting, while watching TV or while sitting in front of the computer. If you want to learn to speak Arabic, there is no excuse to not. The world is at our fingertips and learning Arabic will help you better communicate with everyone.

Here are five tips to Learn Arabic Fast:
• Keep setting Objectives – Decide how many minutes each day you are going to set aside for your Arabic studies. Stick to this no matter what comes about. Setting a goal to study each day will help you more quickly achieve your goal to learn Arabic fast.
• Set a Daily Routine – Know at what time you are going to study Arabic each day. This is part of your goal setting but of equal importance to your success. Your time might be first thing in the morning. Or it might be on your evening commute home. Whatever the time is, stick to it.
• Write Down Arabic Words and Phrases – Buy yourself a notebook to use for your Arabic studies. In your notebook take notes of the words or phrases that may be difficult for you to remember. Spell them out. Write their definition. You’ll be surprised with how much this will help you in your goal to learn Arabic fast.
• Collect Arabic Articles and Pictures – Keep a folder and collect Arabic articles and pictures about the language and country you are learning about. You might find an article about Egypt or Iraq. Add those to your folder. The internet is full of Arabic language newspapers. Print off some articles to look over and see how many words you recognize.
• Have Fun Learning Arabic! – There is no sense setting a goal to learn Arabic if you don’t have fun. Use your new language skills to practice with native Arabic speakers. And before you know it, you’ll be on your way to learning Arabic. Good luck and have fun!

Arabic grammar introduction

Arabic Grammar Introduction – Arabic Grammar Rules

The challenging part of learning any language.. learning Arabic grammar rules! The rules you must follow and understand to properly speak the Arabic language. But don’t worry about how hard learning Arabic Grammar might feel at first. Learning Arabic grammar rules is one of the most effective ways to speed up your ability to speak the language. Keep in mind this is just a basic introduction into understanding how Arabic grammar works.

By now you should already know that Arabic is read from right to left unlike other languages.

Arabic Grammar Rules: Sentence Structure • Arabic has two style of sentences. Nominal and Verbal.
• Nominal sentences start with a Noun, and can be made without a Verb or Subject.
• Verbal sentences start with a Verb, and have at least a Verb-Subject sentence structure to them.

More on: Arabic Sentence Structure

Arabic Grammar Rules: Nouns And Pronouns • Arabic Nouns can be Masculine or Feminine which effect how the word is pronounced.
• The Special character “ta marbuta” is added to indicate if a noun is feminine.
Some feminine Arabic nouns don’t always have the “ta marbuta”
• Inanimate objects are neither masculine or feminine.
• Arabic Nouns can be either Indefinite or Definite

More on: Arabic Nouns and Pronouns

Arabic Grammar Rules: Verbs • Arabic Verbs start in present tense verbs which can be conjugated into other tenses.
• Future Tense Verbs can be created by adding sa or sawfa before the verb
• Modal Verbs don’t exist in Arabic. Neither do indefinite articles.

More on: Arabic Verbs Conjucation

Arabic Grammar Rules: Adjectives • Adjectives can be either masculine and feminine. Feminine are defined by adding “ta marbuta” at the end.
• Adjectives only come after the noun they describe.

More on: Arabic Adjectives

Learning Arabic grammar rules can be considered the cornerstone of the language and will take some time to learn but creates a sturdy foundation to help you completely learn Arabic in no time. Take the time to let these points soak in, then build on them as you continue your Arabic studies. Good luck, and have fun learning Arabic.

Arabic Vocabulary Words for Greetings, Family

Arabic Vocabulary Words for Greetings, Family, and More!

Your Arabic vocabulary should begin with words you could use in your daily life and should be familiar with already. Below are some useful Arabic vocabulary and expressions for Arabic greetings, Arabic days of the week, Arabic words for family members, Arabic words for meal times, Arabic times of the day, and Arabic words for Colors.

Basic Arabic Vocabulary Words	Arabic Vocabulary Words for Family Members

Learning Arabic Vocabulary is very crucial because its structure is based in our daily interactions with other people. The more Arabic Vocabulary you learn the closer you come to completely understanding the Arabic language.

Arabic Vocabulary Words for Days of the Week	Arabic Vocabulary Words for Times of Day

Try to memorize as much as you can because it will improve your Arabic vocabulary. I only included the commonly used Arabic words. other words can be used in place of the ones noted above depending on different circumstances. Developing a strong vocabulary is crucial before tackling the concept of Arabic grammar rules.

Arabic Vocabulary Words for Meal Times/Food	Arabic Vocabulary Words for Colors